Osteoporsis - Preventative Measures

One of the leading causes of debilitation of women over the age of 50 in the United States is osteoporosis. Bones are constantly being broken down and rebuilt by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. This process is known as bone remodeling. Osteoporosis is condition in which bones are destroyed at a rate faster than they are rebuilt and therefore become weaker over time. Since an increase in osteoclast activity can lead to a reduction in bone mass, it has been proposed that estrogen (which stimulates osteoblast activity) could be used to combat the effects of osteoporosis. This theory also explains why osteoporosis affects primarily post-menopausal women (women who are producing less estrogen than they previously were).

Preventing osteoporosis is a worthy goal, and there are several ways to go about it. First and most importantly is calcium intake. Calcium in the bloodstream is necessary for both slowing bone breakdown and promoting bone formation. Increasing dietary calcium can lead to this desired effect. Secondly, vitamin D is needed to promote absorption of calcium. Vitamin D can be absorbed through the skin from sunlight, and can also be ingested. Vitamin D fortified milk is an excellent source of both calcium and vitamin D.

Finally, exercise is a great way to slow osteoporosis. Bones respond to stress by building more bone. Running, for example, will help strengthen the bones of the lower body and help prevent the onset of frailty. It is important to note that impact exercies should be undertaken gradually in order to reduce the risk of developing stress fractures in individuals who already are experiencing some early form of osteoporosis.

Assistive Technology for Older Americans

While this may not be directly related to orthopedic surgery, I feel that I should discuss the current situation of assistive technologies for older adults. This is because older adults are a large (and growing) population that is prone to conditions that sometimes warrant surgery and other times require technological assistance, such as a mobile scooter or a walker. These kinds of technologies can be crucial in maintaining a senior citizen's mobility and independence, but they are not cheap. It can be difficult for an individual to afford these items, or other more expensive technologies like modified bathrooms, and there is limited funding available to help support these cases. According to the Executive Director of the American Society on Aging, Gloria Cavanaugh, the major hurdle is often proving that these devices or home modifications are 'medically necessary.' Healthcare providers are often hesitant to approve funding for assistive technologies, since they claim that they are essentially frivolous. The fact of the matter though, is that these assistive technologies can dramatically improve the quality of life for an older individual by preserving independence and eliminating the need for a personal caretaker. This is a great reason to approve funding, in my opinion. One of the most difficult aspects of aging in America is the dependence that is associated with it. Prolonging the independence of a senior citizen should always be a priority.

Increasing population age = more joint replacements

There's another thing that I should have mentioned in my previous post. According to WebMD, hip replacements are expected to rise 174% in the next 20 years, and knee replacements are expected to rise by as much as 673%. That is an astronomical increase in joint replacement surgeries! This relates back to my previous post, when I talked about the increasingly active lifestyle that today's older generations are living. The knee replacement rates are particularly indicative of this. A total knee replacement is frequently performed on an individual who has been active for a lifetime, and consequently has done damage to the knees. This is unavoidable for many active people. Eventually joints wear out, but luckily we have great replacement technology. Total knee replacements can be expected to last for upwards of twenty years without any significant degradation. Of course, it is always possible for an extremely active and young individual who gets a knee replacement to have a revision later without much hassle.

Changing Population Demographics

One of the most interesting pressures that physicians face today is the issue of an aging population. I decided to look into this phenomenon and I found an interesting site called longevity-science.org that talked about this very issue. According to some scholarly predictions, the world's elderly population is expected to rise from 6.9% of the total population today up to 19% by 2050. That is a striking increase, and one that will surely be felt by the medical profession. Orthopedic surgeons will be seeing more joint replacement patients in the years to come since there will be a greater number of elderly individuals leading increasingly active lifestyles. It almost seems improper to refer to today's elderly population as "elderly," considering how physically capable and full of life many of them are. I think it will be great to watch the progression that will take place in the next fifty years. Eventually it will be commonplace to run into centegenarians jogging in the park or lifting weights in the gym. Maybe I'll be lucky enough to be one of them.

Back in the Game

Well, after taking almost a year off from working on the site, I've decided to get back into it all and try to get the Bone Breaker bigger than ever. Look for new posts and research coming soon.

Interactivity and Web 2.0: Getting in touch with other bloggers

This week I again went through the blogosphere in search of quality orthopedic blogs. Thanks to Google Directory, I was able to find two such excellent blogs. The first, Doctor Tarlow on Knees, is maintained by Dr. Stephan Tarlow, an orthopedic surgeon from Scottsdale, Arizona. One of the more recent posts on this blog talked about a new computer program that might be able to help surgeons align replacement knees with greater accuracy. I had a few clarification questions to ask Dr. Tarlow, and the full text of my comment is available below.

The second blog that I found myself reading is actually About.com’s section on orthopedics. I read an interesting post about minimally invasive procedures, and decided to share my opinion with the author, Dr. Jonathan Cluett. Again, the full text of my comment can be found below.

“Otis Med: Shape Matching Custom Fit Total Knee Replacement”
Comment:

Dr. Tarlow,

Very interesting post. I just recently stumbled upon your blog, so let me begin by saying that I am very grateful to read the thoughts of a surgeon who clearly cares very much about providing the best, and sometimes newest treatments for his patients. I am currently an undergrad at the University of Southern California and I am very interested in pursuing a career in surgery, particularly orthopedics.

So as for your post, I have a few questions regarding knee replacement surgery. You mentioned in your post that in a traditional replacement, the knee is aligned with its axis perpendicular to a line running from hip to ankle. Is a normal knee not always aligned like this? As far as I understood, this is the driving concept behind the Otis Med system, but it seems to me that most knees ought to be pretty close to this ideal that is used in the traditional replacement. In other words, is “customization” really worth the two or three degrees that a patient’s knee may be off by? As you said, the majority of traditional knee replacements can be expected to last several decades.

Additionally, why is it that the Otis Med system looks at the degenerated knee and tries to reconstruct it to pick a replacement? Wouldn't it be easier to look at the healthy knee and assume symmetry? That way, no computer reconstruction would be necessary.

Forgive me if my comments seem uninformed or off-base. This is all very interesting to me, so I'm just trying to understand as much as I can.

Thanks,

JDM

“Are surgeries done through small incisions better?”
Comment:

Dr. Cluett,

This is a topic that has interested me for quite some time now. It seems to me that surgeons are constantly on the look out for ways to do less and less invasive surgery. In fact, I have even read about natural-orifice surgeries being performed on patients who really don't want scars. But what intrigues me the most is that often times these minimally invasive surgeries (particularly orthopedic ones, it seems) are very difficult for surgeons to perform, and thus increase the risk of surgical error. Do you think that this is indeed the case? Take, for example, a mini-hip replacement. I have read that there is concern about the ultimate alignment of the prosthesis with this technique.

Other minimally invasive surgeries, though, I feel are done because of a greater understanding of human anatomy. The Quad-sparing knee replacement provides an excellent. This procedure works around the quadriceps instead of through it so that the new joint can be better stabilized post-op. I think that it should be reasons like this, not cosmetic ones, that lead surgeons to create new surgical techniques. Thoughts?

Quad-Sparing Knee Replacement Surgery: The New Gold Standard

All aspects of surgery are being affected by a new minimally invasive trend. No matter what procedure is being performed, if there is a way to do it with less negative impact on the body, today’s surgeons are working on ways to make it happen. A few weeks ago I wrote a post about the mini hip replacement that has developed recently. This week I will write a similar post about a relatively new procedure known as a quadriceps-sparing total knee replacement. It has the same end result as a traditional total knee replacement, or TKR, but it does so with considerably less damage to the surrounding tissue in the operating room. I believe that this new procedure, unlike the total hip replacement, is a great improvement on the traditional surgery. While it is a more difficult operation when compared to the traditional TKR, its advantages are more than just cosmetic and I believe it is a superior choice for all people looking for a knee replacement.

During a traditional knee replacement surgery, a vertical incision is made along the top of the knee that exposes the quadriceps muscle. A secondary incision is then made through the quadriceps to expose the knee joint. At this stage, many tendons and much muscle tissue has been cut, resulting in unavoidable blood loss and a need for major anesthesia. The knee prosthesis is then inserted by a method similar to the total hip replacement. A plastic cup is placed on one end of the joint and a metal ball is attached to the other, as can be seen in the x-ray at left. The new joint is then assembled and aligned and tested for mobility. Once the surgeon is satisfied with the functionality of the prosthesis the soft tissue is sutured and the incisions are closed. Traditional knee replacement patients will typically stay in the hospital for three to four days, and then have up to eight weeks of physical therapy to recover completely.

This is the area in which the quad-sparing procedure becomes most attractive. Patients who undergo this surgery can expect to leave the hospital in less than one day, and the reasons are multi-fold. First of all, the incision is much smaller. In the traditional surgery, the incision is approximately eight to twelve inches in length. With the new technique it can be as small as three inches, with most being about four (see image below right). The incision is made on the side of the knee, which allows the joint to be exposed without severing any tendons or disturbing much muscle tissue. Because of this, there is less blood loss compared to the traditional TKR and less anesthesia is needed. Less anesthesia is almost always preferred by surgeons since surgery itself is a very traumatic experience for the body and heavy sedation only complicates the recovery process.

After the surgery is complete, the patient can usually be walking around as soon as he/she wakes up. Since there is no major structural trauma caused by the surgery, the road to recovery is a very quick one. The success rate is astounding. Take this study done by Rush University Medical Center, for example. In their trial run of fifty patients, ninety-six percent were able to go home the same day as their surgery. Granted, each patient was the first one treated that day (allowing maximum same-day recovery time), but it is still quite impressive. Additionally, all patients were required to pass an inspection before discharge. A patient was deemed fit to go home if he/she could get out of bed unassisted, stand up from a sitting position, walk 100 feet, and ascend and descend a full flight of stairs. When one considers the fact that these patients were able to perform these basic actions on the very day that they had a total knee replacement surgery, it is really quite remarkable.

As for the long-term reliability of this procedure, only time will tell. It has still been less than five years since the first one was performed, so longevity has not yet come into play. There is the obvious concern that the prosthesis may not be properly aligned in the quad-sparing method due to a lack of direct visual confirmation during surgery. However, unlike in the mini hip replacement, I feel that there are enough alignment tools available to the surgeon to confirm a good placement without the need for a direct line of sight. While the alignment process may take longer with the quad-sparing method due to a need for x-rays in the operating room, the whole procedure takes the same time. Both techniques take about two hours to complete, although prep time may be longer for the quad-sparing method.

As I said earlier, I think that the quad-sparing method is going to become the new standard for knee replacement. Since the quadriceps is the dominant muscle responsible for stabilizing the knee, it makes perfect sense that it should be preserved rather than aggravated during surgery. As surgical imaging advances in the future, it will only become easier for this surgery to be performed with the same kind of accuracy associated with the traditional method. I look at this as great news for the millions of Americans who are aging and becoming candidates for knee replacement surgery. Knowing that the recovery will be so quick will surely make it a less stressful experience.

Back to the Linkroll: Further Efforts to Increase the Value of my Blog

A few weeks ago, I decided to update my linkroll by trolling through the web in search of high quality sites to link to. I am continuing this charge with my newest post because I want my blog to become more than just a dead-end sink for my own writing. I want to provide links to other quality sites so that my readers will be able to use my blog as a multi-dimensional source of information. As with my previous post, I relied on the Webby Awards and the IMSA criteria to determine what sites were of a quality high enough to link to from my blog.

I started by choosing medical journals with a focus on orthopedics. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, the Stone Clinic, and the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics are three such organizations, and their web sites are easy to use. The main flaw with all of these sites is that they are written for orthopedic specialists, so some of the articles are hard to understand. Edheads, on the other hand, is an interactive site with flash animations of hip and knee replacement surgeries. It is directed more toward the layman than the specialist, which makes it easy to follow but also gives it a childish air. Orthoseek.com and Swarm Interactive strike a nice balance between these two extremes. Orthoseek.com contains medical definitions in an easy to use format but does not overwhelm the reader with medical jargon. Swarm Interactive is a wonderful site with animated descriptions of many surgical procedures. It is designed for patient education, so the videos are simple enough to be easy to understand but detailed enough to provide a valuable learning experience. YourSurgery.com is another site that aims to educate patients getting ready to have surgery. Unlike Swarm Interactive, Yoursurgery.com is not a free service. To watch one video costs five dollars, and a year-long membership costs one hundred dollars. I am nevertheless including it on my linkroll because it looks like it could be an invaluable resource to any of my readers who do not mind paying for high-quality information. Last but not least is World Ortho (provider of the image above), a site whose navigation system alone won it high marks in my opinion. Possibly the most interesting piece of information on this site is a series of lecture notes from an Orthopedics class. It was very enriching for me to read them, and I hope my readers will find them equally stimulating.

Total or Mini: Will a New Hip Replacement Technique Take Over?

As I mentioned I would in my previous post, this week I used my linkroll to find a topic on which to write. What I found was quite interesting. There is a new orthopedic procedure for hip replacement known as a mini, or minimally invasive hip replacement. This is an alternative to the standard total hip replacement. The intriguing thing about this new procedure is that the surgeons performing it claim to be able to create the same end result as a traditional open hip replacement without the long hospital stay associated with such an operation. I feel that this is simply not the case. While it is true that the recovery time is shorter for patients who undergo the mini hip replacement, there are greater risks for long-term complications that negate any initial benefits of the less-invasive surgery.

The total hip replacement procedure is one of the oldest and most successful orthopedic operations performed today. No other joint can be replaced as easily or completely as the hip. The procedure is performed exactly the way it sounds. The entire hip joint is removed from its socket and sawn off of the top of the femur. An artificial prosthesis (image to the right) is then inserted into the core of the femur and locked into place with methyl methacrylate, a bony cement. Younger or more physically demanding patients can chose a cementless prosthesis which fuses naturally to the bone. Cementless prostheses have micropores that the femur can grow into and create a strong permanent bond. The other end of the prosthesis is inserted into an artificial cup that is placed within the socket of the existing joint in the pelvis.

There are several options for the material and design of the replacement hip. One common pairing is a metal and plastic combination wherein the replacement socket is plastic and the ball joint is metal. Stainless steel is often chosen for its low reactivity, although some patients opt for titanium instead. A newer option is a ceramic prosthesis, although these have not been around long enough to prove their longevity. They have a high standard to meet, though. Traditional total hip replacement with a stainless steel and plastic prosthesis can be expected to last well over twenty years. Eighty percent of all replacements last longer than twenty years, and over half last longer than thirty. Of course, the younger a patient is, the more physically demanding they will be on it and the longer they will need it to last. This is an inherent flaw in the process of joint replacement that can only be solved through the eventual replacement of the replaced joint. A second replacement is known as a revision hip replacement. Revisions do not last as long as the initial replacement, but it is rare for a patient to need more than one revision.

This is due to the fact that a typical candidate for total hip replacement surgery is older (above the age of fifty) with osteoarthritis of the hip. Osteoarthritis is caused by normal wear and tear on the joint as a component of the aging process, and is detailed in the image at left. In this common form of arthritis, the cartilage separating the two bones wears away and leaves the bones to rub against each other. This can be very painful and in some cases will render the joint immobile. Men around the age of forty-five begin to become candidates for osteoarthritis, and women catch up by around age fifty-five. With this in mind, it is easy to see how pretty much anyone could find themselves in need of a hip replacement at some point in their life. According to the Central Ohio Orthopedics Center, Over 166,000 hip replacements are done annually in the United States, with more than one third of those going to patients below the age of sixty-five.

Given that so many patients are elderly, it is imperative that infection and post-operative complications be kept to a minimum. This is where the mini hip replacement comes in. In the traditional surgery, a relatively large incision is made either posterior, lateral or anterior to the joint. This incision is made large enough to allow the surgeon full access to the joint and the surrounding muscle, tendons, and ligaments. With the entire area in full view, replacement and alignment is a fairly straightforward process. The mini hip replacement, on the other hand, involves two smaller incisions. One of these incisions is made posterior to the joint and the other is lateral. These smaller incisions reduce the risk of infection by limiting the amount of exposure to everything outside of the body. With the two access points it is possible for the surgeon to remove the deteriorated joint, insert the prosthesis, and cement it in place without ever actually seeing what is going on directly. Instead, x-rays and cameras help with the alignment of the prosthesis within the body.

As one can imagine, this is a difficult procedure. In spite of the fact that patients who undergo a mini hip replacement can be walking again the next day, not many surgeons are performing it because it is so much more difficult than the open procedure. Since the surgery itself is more difficult, there is a greater chance for error on behalf of the surgeon. These mistakes usually appear minor, such as a slight misalignment of the prosthesis, but they can lead to larger consequences later. Mini hip replacement recipients are at a greater risk for prosthesis dislocation than total hip replacement recipients. Dislocation of a prosthesis is a very serious problem that can only be corrected by a revision replacement.

From what I have read in the available literature, it seems to me that the mini hip replacement is not yet ready to completely replace the full hip replacement. The benefits of the mini procedure do not outweigh the possible consequences of a surgical mistake. After all, what good does it do to get out of the hospital a few days sooner if you may be setting yourself up for a revision ten years sooner? I cannot say that there is no hope for this new technique though. In the future, surgeons may very well become more proficient at the mini procedure. When they do it will be an excellent alternative for someone who needs a hip replacement but due to poor health cannot risk an open procedure.

Building a Better Blog: Getting My Linkroll Up To Date

This week, I again chose not to write a specific blog post, but instead opted to search around the web to find excellent sites that I could add to my linkroll (on the right). Using the Webby Awards and the IMSA criteria, I was able to find high quality personal blogs, Surgical Societies, and other useful sources of information relevant to orthopedics. Ten of these excellent sites are now imbedded in my linkroll and arranged alphabetically. I am sure you will be happy with both their ease of navigation and quality of material. These sites are not maintained by amateurs – they are of the highest caliber and I am extremely happy to link to them through my blog.

Alphabetically, the first of these sites is the Orthopedics page of About.com. It is a bit busy with advertisements, but the content is written in an easy manner and the site is very user-friendly. Next is Dr. Davis’ Back and Wrist Pain Blog, which I left a comment on last week. Dr. Davis’ blog is very informative, but he uses it to promote his own practice so sometimes readers may feel like they are being advertised to indirectly. Netsurgery.com is an excellent source of videos and articles on many aspects of surgery, although the content on their site could probably be about twice the size. The North American Spine Society is, as the name suggests, our continent’s premier society for spine care awareness. Their site is beautifully done, and I found the information on their site to be very professional. Unfortunately, the formatting does not work properly with Firefox on the Mac. The Southern California Orthopedic Institute is a group with a broader interest in Orthopedics (they do not limit themselves to the spine) located in Van Nuys, California. It is hard for me to think of anything I would criticize on this site, as they have been updating and perfecting it since 1995. Spine University is an excellent source of information specifically regarding the spine, as is Spine-Health.com. They are both easy to read since they are directed at patients, but I think Spine-Health was a little busy. As far as information is concerned, though, they are both excellent. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma is a group dedicated to teaching the proper treatment of traumatic injuries requiring surgery. Many such injuries require orthopedic surgery, so I deemed this site relevant to my blog. Their site is directed at surgeons more than patients, to the information can be a bit hard to read, but it is quality nonetheless. The American Medical Association is one of the foremost societies for physicians in America, and their site reflects that fact. Like the AAST though, their site is directed at doctors rather than patients, so the site can be hard to use. The Knee Foundation is dedicated to raising money for helping those with knee problems, so their site is focused more on explaining the need for aid than providing information to patients. Trauma.org is an organization very similar to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, and their site includes some great photos and videos of trauma surgery. Last, but not least, is Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopedics, which is an outstanding site full of and encyclopedic amount of information on Orthopedics. The site is very intuitive, and is elegant in design. Navigation is as easy as clicking on a body part represented by the skeleton at right (note: clicking the skeleton here will merely link to the Wheeless' site, clicking on it there will direct you to the area of your interest). If anything, tere is simply too much information on this site, so getting lost or distracted is a definite possibility.

I hope you enjoy these links, as they have proved to be very helpful to me in my general search for information on Orthopedics. I will certainly be citing them in the next few weeks, and I enthusiastically look forward to doing so.